..:^_  ■< 


O.  E.  s.  LiB«ARt.  Oer.^ 


CONNECTICUT 


AGRICOLTDRAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIOI 


NE^V     HAVEN,    CONN. 


BULLETIN    128,   APRIL,    1899. 


Commercial  Feeding  Stuffs  in  tlie  Connecticut 

Market. 


CONTEXTS. 

Page. 

•  Correction - - 2 

Notice  as  to  Bulletins  and  Reports 2 

Commercial  Feeding  Stuffs  in  the  Connecticut  Market 3 

I,     Feeds  made  from  a  Single  Food  Product _.  5 

Cotton  Seed  Meal 5 

Linseed  Meal  or  Oil  Meal 6 

Gluteu,  Gluten  Meal,  Gluten  Feed 6 

Wheat  Feeds,  Bran,  Middlings,  Mixed  Feed 7 

Rye  Bran 8 

Corn  Meal 8 

Oats  and  Oat  Feeds 8 

II.     Feeds  prepared  from  Two  or  More  Food  Products -. 10 

Provender 10 

Mixtures  of  Oats  and  Wheat,  or  of  Oats,  Corn  and  Wheat 10 

Various  Mixed  Feeds.. 12 


2         CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    128. 

Correction. 

Chittenden's  Potato  Phosphate.  On  paj>*e  73 
of  the  Report  of  this  Station  for  1898  the  guaran- 
teed percentage  of  potash  in  this  brand  is  given 
as  ten  per  cent.  This  is  a  misstatement;  tlie 
percentage  of  potash  guaranteed  by  the  manu- 
facturer is  eight  per  cent. 

Notice  as  to  Bulletins. 

The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  mailed  free  to  citizens  of 
Connecticut  who  apply  for  them,  and  to  others  as  far  as  the 
limited  editions  permit. 

Applications  should  be  renewed  annually  before  January  1st. 

The  matter  of  all  the  Bulletins  of  this  Station,  in  so  far  as  it  is 
new  or  of  permanent  value,  will  be  made  j)art  of  the  Annual 
Report  of  the  Station  Staff. 

All  Bulletins  earlier  than  No.  71  and  Nos.  72,  83,  86,  93,  100, 
101,  102,  111  and  118  are  exhausted  and  cannot  be  supplied. 

Notice  as  to  Supply  op  Station  Reports. 

The  Station  has  no  supply  of  its  Annual  Reports  for  the  years 
1877,  1878,  1879,  1880,  1881,  1882,  1883,  1887  and  1891. 

The  Annual  Report  of  this  Station,  printed  at  State  expense, 
is  by  law  limited  to  an  edition  of  7,000  copies. 

After  exchanging  with  other  Experiment  Stations  and  Agricul- 
tural Journals,  the  Reports  remaining  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Station  will  be  sent  to  citizens  of  Connecticut  who  shall  season- 
ably apply  for  them,  and  to  others  as  long  as  the  supply  lasts. 

Former  Reports  Wanted. 

There  is  frequent  call  for  our  earlier  Annual  Reports  on  the 
part  of  public  libraries,  students,  chemists,  naturalists,  and 
station  workers. 

Persons  who  can  suj^ply  copies  of  Reports  of  this  Station  for 
any  of  the  years  above  named,  will  be  likely  to  find  purchasers 
by  communicating  with  the  Director. 


USES    OF   COMMERCIAL   FEEDING   STUFFS. 


USES    OF    COMMEECIAL    FEEDING    STUFFS. 


Commercial  Feeding  Stuffs  are  bought  to  supply  certain  defi- 
ciencies in  the  cattle  food  Avhich  is  raised  upon  the  farm. 

Hay,  corn  fodder,  ensilage  and  stover  with  corn  meal,  raised  at 
home,  form  the  basis  and  make  up  the  bulk  of  the  cattle  food 
and  supply  all  of  the  coarse  feed  and  of  the  starch,  sugar  and  fat 
which  are  required.  They  are,  however,  deficient  in  digestible 
protein.* 

Few  farmers  are  now  raising  as  much  protein,  in  concentrated 
form,  as  is  required  to  bring  cattle  up  to  and  maintain  them  in 
the  most  profitable  condition.  Two  chief  defects  in  our  jDresent 
farm  management  are  that  little  care  is  given  to  the  raising  of 
crops  rich  in  j)rotein  and  that,  as  a  rule,  insufticient  protein  goes 
into  the  food  of  our  cattle. 

If  the  quantity  of  digestible  protein  in  the  food  is  too  small, 
the  animals  produce  less  beef  or  milk  than  they  easily  would  with 
a  proper  supply  of  protein.  Furthermore,  when  protein  is  defi- 
cient, the  other  (non-nitrogenous)  matters  of  the  ration  are  in 
excess  of  the  animal's  capacity  for  assimilating  them  and  are 
therefore  to  some  extent  wasted.  The  latter  (starch,  sugar,  etc.) 
in  part  pass  through  the  body,  incompletely  digested  and — unlike 
the  protein — give  little  value  to  the  manure. 

*  Protein  is  the  name  now  commonly  given  to  a  class  of  substances  (also  termed 
"  proteids  "  or  "albuminoids")  of  which  the  muscles,  brain,  nerves,  tendons  and 
all  other  working  or  necessary  organs  and  parts  of  the  animal  body  largely  and 
essentially  consist.     Protein  contains  from  14  to  19  per  cent,  of  nitrogen. 

The  white  of  eggs,  the  fiber  of  lean  beef,  the  clot  of  blood,  the  curd  of  milk  and 
the  gluten  of  wheat  are  familiar  examples  of  protein.  Other  similar  matters  are 
found  in  all  animals  and  in  all  plants. 

The  animal  cannot  grow  or  long  exist  without  constantly  renewed  supplies  of 
protein  in  its  food.  The  animal  itself  is  totally  unable  to  create  protein.  Only 
plants  can  originate  protein,  which  they  do  from  the  plant-food  of  air,  soil  and 
fertilizers  or  manures.  Animals  can  produce  or  create  blood-protein,  brain-pro- 
tein, flesh-protein  and  milk-protein,  but  only  by  appropriating  and  transforming 
or  making  over  the  similar  but  different  protein  of  plants. 

Other  needful  food-substances  or  nutrients,  such  as  cellulose  (woody  fiber), 
starch,  sugars,  gums,  pentosans  (that  yield  gums  and  jellies),  acids  and  fats  or 
fat  oils,  contain  no  nitrogen  and  collectively  are  commonly  termed  "  non-nitroge- 
nous matters  ";  we  shall  usuallj'  designate  them  as  "non-protein." 


4         CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN   128. 

To  meet  and  overcome  these  defects  in  home-grown  cattle  food, 
dairymen  and  keepers  of  live-stock  buy  commercial  feeds  ;  they 
should  buy  them  chiefly  with  the  purpose  of  getting  digestible 
protein  in  cheap  and  concentrated  forms. 

A  feed  rich  in  digestible  protein  is,  when  properly  used,  "milk- 
producing";  a  feed  rather  poor  in  protein,  however  highly  en- 
dorsed, cannot  prove  permanently  satisfactory,  or  be  a  "  milk 
producer"  in  any  way  superior  to  home-raised  coarse  feed  and 
corn  meal. 

Every  farm  on  which  cattle  are  kept  for  profit  should  yield  all 
the  hay^  corn  fodder^  corn  ensilage^  corn  stover  and  corn  meal 
which  the  live  stock  on  it  need  to  eat. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  each  of  the  feeds  just  named  contain, 
on  the  average,  the  following  quantities  of  digestible  mitrients  or 
elements  of  food  : 


Table  I. — Quantities  of  Digestible  Nutrients  in  One   Hundred  Pounds 
OF   THE   Feeds   Named. 

(From  Armsby,  Penn.  Ag'l  Ex.  Sta.  Rep.,  1S97-98,  p.  45.) 


Red  Top 
Hay. 

Corn  Fodder 
Field-cured. 

Corn  Stover 
Field-cured. 

Corn 
Ensilage. 

Corn 
Meal. 

Total  d  ly  matter 

91.1 

57.8 

59.9 

2T.9 

85.0 

Digestible   proteia 

4.8 

■2.5 

2.0 

1.1 

5.5 

Digestible  non-protein* 

49.2 

36.1 

34.8 

18.2 

71.1 

Ratio   of   digestible   protein 

to  digestible  non-protein, 

("Nutritive   Ratio") 1:10.8        1:14.4        1:17.4        1:16.5        1:12.9 

Observation  and  careful  experiment  have  shown  that  milk 
cows  need,  per  day  and  per  1,000  pounds  of  live  weight,  about  24 
jDOunds  of  diy  matter  including  2  to  2^  pounds  of  digestible 
protein  and  from  13^  to  15  pounds  of  digestible  non-protein 
(sugar,  starch,  fat,  etc.),  and  that  the  quantity  of  digestible 
non-protein  in  this  standard  ration  should  be  between  five  and 
one-half  and  seven  times  as  great  as  the  digestible  protein. 

Now  a  glance  at  the  table  above  shows  that  no  one  of  these 
staple  farm  products,  nor  any  combination  of  them,  can  furnish 
the  most  profitable  cattle  food. 

*  Since  fat  is  believed  to  have  about  2|-  times  the  nutritive  effect  of  starch  and 
similar  non-nitrogenous  matters,  the  digestible  fat  is,  in  these  calculations,  reduced 
to  its  "  starch  equivalent  "  by  multiplying  by  2^. 


COTTOK   SEED    MEAL.  5 

All  of  them  have  from  ten  to  seventeen  times  as  much  non- 
protein as  protein,  and  hence  a  propei'ly  balanced  ration  cannot  be 
made  up  from  them  without  adding  some  feed  much  richer  in  pro- 
tein and  poorer  in  non-protein  than  any  one  of  them. 

Feeds  rich  in  protein  are  what  the  stock  owner  most  commonly 
needs  to  buy,  and  they  are  the  ones  the  purchase  of  which  is  most 
likely  to  be  profitable.  All  feeds  contain  non-nitrogenous  matters, 
starch,  sugar,  etc.,  but  those  best  worth  buying  should  have  a  con- 
siderably larger  proportion  of  protein  than  any  which  are  com- 
monly raised  on  the  farm. 

In  the  preparation  of  vegetable  foods  for  human  consumption 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  seed  and  linseed  oils,  certain  by- 
products are  produced,  unfit  for  human  food,  but  rich  in  protein 
and  valuable  as  feed  for  horses  and  cattle.  There  are  also  cer- 
tain other  products  which  are  of  very  little  value  as  cattle  food 
because  of  the  small  amount  of  protein  in  them,  or  they  are 
uneconomical  to  buy,  because  they  contain  no  larger  proportion 
of  protein  than  corn  meal  which  is  raised  on  the  farm. 

Both  kinds  of  by-products  are  now  offered  for  sale,  frequently 
without  an  analysis  or  other  statement  to  inform  the  buyer  as  to 
the  real  nature  or  value  of  what  he  is  purchasing,  and  in  conse- 
quence a  good  deal  of  money  is  spent  for  cattle  feeds  uneconomi- 
cally. 

Within  the  last  few  weeks  the  station  has  gathered  from  the 
Connecticut  market  about  one  hundred  samples  of  feeds,  which 
have  been  examined  chemically  and  microscopically. 

In  what  follows  is  given  a  general  summary  of  the  results. 
The  individual  analyses  will  be  given  in  the  next  Aimual  Report 
of  this  Station. 


6         CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    128. 

FEEDING    STUFFS    IN    THE    CONNECTICUT 
MARKET. 

I,     Fekds  Made   from  a  Single  Food  Product. 

Cotton  Seed  Meal. 

The  eight  samples  examined  were  all  of  good  quality,  the  per- 
centages of  protein  ranging  from  49.38  to  44.20  and  of  fat  from 
12.77  to  8.55.  The  average  com-positxon  of  these  eight  samples 
and  the  digestible  matter  in  100  pounds  are  given  in  Table  II. 

Undecorticated  cotton  seed  meal,  full  of  black  hulls  and  with 
only  30  per  cent,  of  protein,  and  cotton  seed  meal  adulter- 
ated with  rice  refuse,  have  been  found  in  this  State  in  times  past. 
At  present  much  more  cotton  seed  meal  is  used  in  Connecticut 
as  a  fertilizer, — chiefly  for  tobacco, — than  as  a  feed,  and  the 
frequent  publication  of  analyses  made  in  the  interest  of  tobacco 
growers  has  driven  out  the  inferior  grades  of  cotton  seed  meal. 

The  price  at  present  ranges  from  |23  to  $25  per  ton.  Since 
one  ton  contains  820  pounds  of  digestible  protein,  the  cost  of 
digestible  protein  in  this  article  is  about  three  cents  per  pound, 
even  if  no  value  is  attached  to  the  non-nitrogenous  matter  in  it. 

Linseed  Meal  or  Oil  Meal. 

Of  the  five  samples  examined  all  were  pare  and  contained  per- 
centages of  protein  ranging  from  38.13  to  33.76,  and  of  fat,  from 
9.59  to  1.83. 

Linseed  meal  costs  at  present  four  or  five  dollars  more  per  ton 
than  cotton  seed  meal,  and  contains  about  ten  per  cent,  less  of 
digestible  protein. 

The  average  composition  of  the  five  samples  analyzed  appears 
in  Table  II. 

Gluten,  Gluten  Meal,  Gluten  Feed. 

These  names  are  applied  to  certain  by-products  obtained  from 
corn  meal  in  the  process  of  making  starch.  The  feeds  are 
very  vai'ious  in  composition  and  the  name  often  gives  no  clue 
whatever  to  the  chemical  composition. 

Thus  the  "  Atlantic  gluten  meal,"  made  at  Westport,  is  a  more 
concentrated  feed  than  any  other  recently  examined,  containing 


WHEAT   FEEDS.  7 

49  per  cent,  of  protein  ;  but  another  sample  of  "  Gluten  meal  " 
contained  only  18.9  per  cent. 

Three  samples  of  "  Chicago  gluten  "  contained  on  the  average 
37.8  percent,  of  protein  and  1.69  percent,  of  fat;  but  "Dia- 
mond Chicago  Gluten  Feed"  contains  only  23.7  per  cent,  of  pro- 
tein and  3.57  per  cent,  of  fat.  It  is  evident,  that  without  some 
definite  statement  of  chemical  composition,  the  names  gluten, 
gluten  meal  and  gluten  feed  convey  to  the  buyers  no  idea  of  their 
probable  composition  or  value. 

The  composition  of  a  number  of  these  feeds  is  given  in  the 
table.  All  of  them  were  corn  products  unmixed  with  other 
material. 

The  "Atlantic  gluten  meal"  was  offered  at  §21  per  ton.  It  con- 
tains, per  ton,  834  pounds  of  digestible  protein,  so  that,  allowing 
nothing  for  the  carbhydrates  or  fat  in  it,  digestible  protein  in 
this  material  costs  little  over  2^  cents  per  pound. 

Wheat  Feeds. 

Wheat  Brcm. 

The  eight  samples  examined  consisted  entirely  of  wheat  and 
were  of  very  similar  composition,  containing  protein  ranging 
from  16.94  to  15.00  per  cent,  and  fat  ranging  from  5.14  to  4.29 
per  cent.  Occasionally  "  cheap  "  bran  is  offered  for  three  dollars 
a  ton  below  the  regular  market  rates.  In  a  cheap  bran  referred  to 
us  from  another  State,  microscopic  examination  showed  the  pres- 
ence of  finely  ground  corn  cobs. 

Middlings. 

The  thirteen  samples  analyzed  were  all  pure,  containing  noth- 
ing but  wheat.  Middlings  have  a  wider  range  of  composition 
than  bran,  some  sorts  closely  resembling  bran  while  others  are 
very  fine  and  starchy,  having  much  the  look  and  composition  of 
wheat  flour.  As  appears  from  the  figures  given  in  the  table,  the 
samples  of  middlings  contained  about  -^-^  per  cent,  more  of  pro- 
tein, 3f  per  cent,  more  of  nitrogeu-free  extract,  starch,  etc.  and 
3.4  per  cent,  less  of  fiber  than  those  of  bran. 

Mixed  Wheat  Feed. 

Twenty-one  samples  have  lately  been  examined  and  all  con- 
sisted wholly  of  wheat  and  were  quite  uniform  in  quality,  being 


8        CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,   BULLETIN   128. 

quite  like  the  average  of  wheat  middlings  in  chemical  composi- 
tion, as  appears  by  the  table. 

Rye  Bean. 

The  four  samples  examined  were  all  genuine,  and  of  very  similar 
composition. 

Corn  Meal. 

The  eight  samples  examined  had  the  usual  composition,  and 
were  free  from  admixture  with  cobs  or  any  adulterant. 

Oats  and  Oat  Feeds. 

In  Table  II  is  given  the  average  composition  of  whole  oats. 
They  are  seen  to  be  a  much  more  concentrated  food  than  the 
samples  of  corn  meal  recently  analyzed  ;  they  contain  3.4  per  cent, 
more  of  digestible  protein  and  one  per  cent,  more  of  fat  than  the 
corn  meal. 

When  the  composition  of  pure  oats  is  compared  with  that  of 
the  various  oat  feeds  given  in  Table  II  and  with  that  of  the 
mixed  feeds  given  in  Table  III,  it  is  clear  that  "  oat  feeds  "  are 
greatly  inferior  in  actual  feeding  value  to  whole  oats  or  to  corn 
meal.  The  reason  for  this  is  clear.  The  "  oat  feeds "  are  the 
manufacturing  outlet  for  oats  hulls  and  light  oats.  They  con- 
tain two  or  three  times  as  much  woody  fiber  as  belongs  to  oats 
of  good  quality. 

The  last  article  but  two  in  Table  II  is  an  "  oat  feed "  costing 
$15.00  per  ton,  which  contains  less  protein  than  the  next  arti- 
cle, sold  under  its  true  name — "oat  chaff" — for  $7.00  per  ton. 
Such  oat  feeds  as  these  it  will  not  pay  the  farmer  to  buy  at  any 
price.     They  ought  not  to  have  a  place  in  the  feed  market. 

It  appears  that  the  three  most  concentrated  feeds,  the  three 
which,  pound  for  pound,  will  go  further  in  "  balancing  "  or  piec- 
ing out  the  ration  made  from  home-grown  feed,  viz  :  cotton  seed, 
linseed  and  Atlantic  gluten  meal,  are  the  most  costly.  This  is  as 
it  should  be.  Yet  of  these,  the  one  which  contains  the  most  pro- 
tein, "Atlantic  gluten  meal,"  is  the  cheapest.  It  does  not  follow^ 
that  it  should  be  bought  to  the  exclusion  of  the  others.  Linseed 
meal,  though  a  very  expensive  feed,  is  greatly  relished  by  cattle, 
flavors  the  food  and  is  generally  regarded  as  an  excellent  thing  to 
keep  cows  "  in  condition." 


OATS    AND    OAT    FEEDS.  9 

But  evidently  the  wise  feeder  will  endeavor  to  use  the 
cheaper  forms  of  protein,  as  far  as  j^ossible. 

An  examination  of  the  prices  and  analyses  of  the  feeds 
given  in  the  table  also  shows  that  the  market  prices  bear  very 
little  if  any  relation  to  their  feeding  value.  That  is,  "  feed " 
costs  from  $17.00  to  $20.00  per  ton  at  retail,  whether  it  is  con- 
centrated, rich  in  protein,  and  well  suited  to  supplement  the 
home-grown  feed,  or  whether  it  is  a  starchy  food  and  of  much 
less  value  in  compounding  suitable  cattle  rations.  In  this  condi- 
tion of  the  market,  special  care  in  the  purchase  of  feeds  and  some 
knowledge  of  their  chemical  composition  will  be  found  highly 
advantageous  in  keeping  the  cost  of  milk  production  down  to  a 
point  which  will  admit  of  profit  in  the  business. 

In  Table  II  the  statements  of  composition  are  the  averages  of 
analyses  recently  made  at  this  Station. 

The  percentages  of  digestible  matters  have  been  calculated  with 
the  digestion  coefficients  obtained  from  American  experiments, 
given  by  Jordan  in  the  Experiment  Station  Record,  vol.  vi,  pp.  7 
and  8.  For  oat  "  feed  "  and  oat  chaff  the  same  digestion  coeffi- 
cients have  been  used  as  for  whole  oats. 

Where  American  coefficients  were  not  obtainable,  those  given 
in  Mentzel's  Kalendar  have  been  used. 

It  should  be  noticed  that  all  the  feeds  as  far  down  Table  II 
as  corn  meal,  can  be  used  to  increase  the  proportion  of  protein 
in  the  ration,  but  the  feeds  below,  including  corn  meal,  contain 
a  smaller  proportion  of  pi'otein  to  non-protein  than  the  correct 
ration  requires.  This  proportion,  called  the  "nutritive  ratio,"  is 
one  part  by  weight  of  digestible  protein  to  between  five  and  one 
half  and  seven  parts  of  digestible  non-protein. 

The  last  column  of  the  table  gives  this  ratio  for  each  of  the 
feeds. 

Whole  oats,  as  represented  by  the  average  given  in  Table  II, 
are  a  well  balanced  cattle  ration,  having  the  nutritive  ratio  1  : 6.1 
and  containing  in  100  pounds,  89  pounds  of  dry  matter,  of  which 
9.2  are  digestible  protein  and  56  are  digestible  non-protein.  By 
rule  of  three,  27  pounds  of  whole  oats  (with  11  per  cent,  of 
moisture)  contain  24  pounds  of  dry  matter,  in  which  are  2.48 
pounds  of  protein  and  15.1  pounds  of  non-protein.  These  quanti- 
ties are  practically  the  same  as  those  stated  on  page  4  as  forming 
the  standard  ration  for  milk  cows. 


10      CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    128. 

II.     Feeds  prepared  prom  Two  or  more  Food  Products. 

Provender. 

Of  the  four  samples  of  "provender"  analyzed,  two  were  ground 
in  this  State,  one  was  made  by  the  American  Cereal  Co.,  and  the 
fourth  was  Champion  Bell  Fodder,  made  by  Hollister,  Crane  & 
Co.,  N.  Y.     These  samples  contained: 


Average   of   two  samples 

Protein. 

Fiber. 

Nitrogen- 
free  extract. 

Fat. 

ground  in  Connecticut 

10.29 

4.64 

66.64 

4.47 

American  Cereal  Go's   

9.25 

9.52 

61.44 

4.15 

Champion  Bell  Fodder 

9.88 

12.88 

59.75 

5.04 

It  appears  that  the  last  two  samples  contain  considerably  more 
fiber  (oat  hulls)  than  the  two  samples  ground  in  Connecticut,  and 
less  of  protein  and  starchy  matter. 

They  were  sold  for  $18  and  |I9  per  ton  respectively,  while  the 
Connecticut  samples  cost  $20.00, 

Three  of  the  four  consisted  wholly  of  oats  and  corn. 

The  Cereal  Co's  provender  contained  some  wheat. 

Mixtures  of  Oats  and  Wheat,  or  of  Oats,-  Corx  axd  Wheat, 

These  are  apparently  wastes  from  the  manufacture  of  "  cereal 
foods  "or  "breakfast  foods."  Some  are  quite  inferior  to  corn 
meal  in  feeding  value,  and  all  of  them  contain  considerably  less 
protein  than  wheat  bran,  but  a  much  larger  percentage  of  fiber, 
coming  chiefly  from  the  oat  hulls.  They  cost  little  if  any  less 
than  wheat  bran  however. 

They  cannot  be  used  to  any  advantage  to  balance  the  ration 
when  corn  meal,  or  corn  and  cob  meal,  is  raised  on  the  farm  in 
sufficient  quantity. 


ANALYSES    OF    FEEDS. 


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